When most people think of African travel, images of safari jeeps in the Serengeti, the pyramids of Egypt, or the bustling souks of Marrakech come to mind. But Africa is far more diverse—and far less explored—than travel brochures suggest. Hidden behind the continent’s iconic landmarks lie underrated travel destinations in Africa that offer raw beauty, rich cultural encounters, and deeply rewarding experiences for those who dare to stray from the beaten path.

These destinations aren’t simply lesser-known—they’re often misunderstood or overlooked entirely. Yet what they lack in international fame, they make up for in authenticity, affordability, and adventure. From lush volcanic islands in the Gulf of Guinea to ancient highlands and remote desert kingdoms, these places are not just worth visiting—they’re unforgettable.

This guide reveals 11 underrated travel destinations in Africa that will leave you speechless. Each section provides in-depth insights, including why you should go, what to see and do, and how to make the most of your journey. Whether you’re a seasoned explorer or a curious first-timer, prepare to discover a side of Africa few have truly seen.

1. São Tomé and Príncipe: The Chocolate Islands

Why Visit São Tomé and Príncipe?

Tucked away in the Gulf of Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest country in Africa—but its charm is immense. This two-island nation is one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, offering travelers lush rainforests, volcanic peaks, and a coastline untouched by mass tourism. Once a hub for cocoa plantations under Portuguese colonial rule, it’s now a haven for eco-tourism, sustainable development, and chocolate lovers alike.

What makes São Tomé and Príncipe truly special is its isolation. Unlike more frequented islands like Zanzibar or Mauritius, these islands offer complete immersion in nature and local culture—without the crowds. It’s a rare destination where you can hike through dense jungle in the morning, swim in warm turquoise waters by afternoon, and finish your day sipping palm wine under a starlit sky.

What to See and Do

• Pico Cão Grande: One of the most striking geological formations in Africa, this needle-like volcanic spire rises 370 meters above the rainforest canopy. It’s an essential stop for hikers and photographers alike.
• Obô Natural Park: Covering a third of the island, this protected rainforest is home to dozens of endemic plant and bird species. Guided treks reveal hidden waterfalls, giant ferns, and the unique soundscape of the jungle.
• Roça Agostinho Neto: Explore the largest and most famous of the old cocoa plantations. Today, it serves as a fascinating window into colonial history, complete with decaying Portuguese architecture and working cacao farms.
• Príncipe Island: A UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, this smaller island is even more secluded and pristine. Visit Praia Banana, often hailed as one of the most beautiful beaches in Africa, and dive into some of the continent’s most vibrant coral reefs.
• Cultural Encounters: The rhythm of Tchiloli, a local dramatic performance blending Portuguese and African traditions, still echoes through village squares. Don’t miss the chance to taste traditional dishes like calulu, a fish stew made with vegetables, palm oil, and love.

São Tomé and Príncipe is a reminder that underrated travel destinations in Africa don’t need to be remote in spirit—just untouched by the mainstream. Here, nature speaks louder than the noise of modernity, and every corner holds a story waiting to be uncovered.

2. Lesotho: The Kingdom in the Sky

Why Visit Lesotho?

Lesotho is a country that defies expectations. Entirely landlocked within South Africa, it remains one of the continent’s most dramatic highland nations. Known as “The Kingdom in the Sky,” Lesotho is elevated entirely above 1,000 meters (3,280 feet), making it the only independent country in the world with this distinction. Despite its breathtaking geography and rich culture, it remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa.

What Lesotho lacks in flashy resorts or tropical beaches, it makes up for in serenity, striking landscapes, and a deep sense of tradition. Here, mountain life is not romanticized—it’s lived. The Basotho people, wrapped in colorful wool blankets, navigate rugged trails on horseback, as they have for generations. For travelers craving altitude, authenticity, and adventure, Lesotho offers an experience unlike anywhere else.

What to See and Do

• Maletsunyane Falls: At 192 meters, this spectacular waterfall near Semonkong is among the tallest single-drop falls in Southern Africa. Brave travelers can abseil beside it—a Guinness World Record-certified descent.
• Thaba-Bosiu: This sandstone plateau holds immense cultural and historical significance. It served as the stronghold of King Moshoeshoe I, founder of the Basotho nation, and remains a proud symbol of national identity.
• Sani Pass: Take a thrilling 4×4 ride along this winding mountain road connecting Lesotho to South Africa. At the top, enjoy a cold drink at the highest pub in Africa and marvel at panoramic views over the Drakensberg.
• Sehlabathebe National Park: Part of the Maloti-Drakensberg UNESCO World Heritage Site, this untouched park boasts dramatic rock arches, alpine flora, and ancient San rock art.
• Basotho Cultural Village: Discover how local traditions have withstood time. Learn how blankets are more than garments—they are symbols of status and stories of survival in a land where winter hits hard.

Lesotho’s raw beauty and resilient spirit earn it a place among the underrated travel destinations in Africa. It’s not polished—but it’s powerful. And for those willing to rise with the altitude, the rewards are immeasurable.

3. Malawi: The Warm Heart of Africa

Why Visit Malawi?

Malawi has long lived in the shadow of its more popular neighbors—but for those in the know, it’s a standout gem. Known affectionately as “The Warm Heart of Africa,” Malawi combines natural beauty with genuinely kind people, offering one of the most rewarding and accessible travel experiences on the continent. Despite its modest profile, it remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, offering an ideal blend of lake adventures, mountain hikes, and cultural depth.

Unlike other destinations where you might feel like just another tourist, Malawi welcomes you like a guest. Locals greet you with smiles and stories, and whether you’re exploring its famed lake or a remote village, you’re treated as part of the community. It’s not just about sights—it’s about connection.

What to See and Do

• Lake Malawi: Stretching across a third of the country, this UNESCO-listed lake feels more like a tropical sea. Its clear waters are home to hundreds of colorful cichlid fish species found nowhere else on Earth. Swim, snorkel, kayak, or relax on soft sandy beaches in places like Nkhata Bay or Cape Maclear.
• Liwonde National Park: Once overlooked, this park is now one of Malawi’s conservation success stories. Thanks to wildlife reintroductions, you can now spot elephants, hippos, cheetahs, and even rhinos on game drives or boat safaris.
• Mount Mulanje: Towering at over 3,000 meters, this granite massif is a trekker’s paradise. Spend a few days hiking between huts and waterfalls, surrounded by tea estates and endemic flora.
• Nyika Plateau: A lesser-known but magical highland region filled with rolling grasslands, wildflowers, and zebras. The plateau feels more Scottish than African and is perfect for hiking, mountain biking, and horseback safaris.
• Cultural Immersion: Malawi’s villages are open to visitors and eager to share local dances, crafts, and daily life. Organizations like “The Warm Heart Adventure” and “Responsible Safari Company” offer immersive experiences that directly support local communities.

Malawi proves that underrated travel destinations in Africa don’t have to be far-flung or difficult to reach. Sometimes, the heart of the continent beats the strongest in the places that feel like home.

4. Djibouti: Land of Contrasts

Why Visit Djibouti?

Small in size but massive in impact, Djibouti is one of the most geographically fascinating countries in Africa. Wedged between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, it lies at the intersection of tectonic plates, cultures, and centuries of history. Despite its striking natural features and strategic location, Djibouti remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, offering lunar landscapes, vibrant marine ecosystems, and cultural intrigue.

Travelers who visit Djibouti often describe it as otherworldly—and they’re not exaggerating. From glowing salt flats to volcanic plains, from whale sharks to Afar tribes, this is a land of extreme contrasts. It’s not a conventional vacation spot. It’s a place of raw, primal beauty—perfect for adventurers, photographers, and seekers of the unusual.

What to See and Do

• Lake Assal: Africa’s lowest point and the third saltiest body of water in the world, Lake Assal is framed by volcanic black rock and salt-crusted shores. Floating in its mineral-rich waters is surreal, and the surrounding landscape looks like something from Mars.
• Lake Abbe: Famous for its towering limestone chimneys and smoking geothermal vents, Lake Abbe feels post-apocalyptic. It’s also known for its flamingo colonies and was a filming location for the original Planet of the Apes.
• Whale Shark Diving in the Gulf of Tadjoura: From November to February, Djibouti offers a rare chance to snorkel with whale sharks in calm, plankton-rich waters. Unlike other spots globally, encounters here are uncrowded and surprisingly accessible.
• Day Forest National Park: A lush highland oasis in an otherwise arid region, this park is home to ancient juniper trees, endemic bird species, and cool hiking trails with panoramic views.
• Cultural Exploration: Djibouti’s population is a mix of Afar, Somali, and Arab influences. Stroll through the capital’s markets, sip spiced tea in local cafés, and watch traditional dances that echo both East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.

Djibouti isn’t for everyone—but that’s what makes it special. It challenges and rewards in equal measure. For those seeking the extraordinary, it’s one of the boldest underrated travel destinations in Africa you could choose.

5. Sierra Leone: Beaches and Beyond

Why Visit Sierra Leone?

Sierra Leone is one of West Africa’s greatest comeback stories. After years of conflict and underdevelopment, the country has quietly blossomed into a hidden gem filled with pristine beaches, welcoming communities, and rich cultural history. Despite its assets, it remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, making it ideal for those looking to explore unspoiled coastlines and soulful traditions without the crowds.

This is a country where palm-fringed beaches meet lush mountains and vibrant street markets buzz with life. Sierra Leone offers the kind of laid-back authenticity that travelers often chase but rarely find. It’s not just a place you visit—it’s a place you feel.

What to See and Do

• Freetown Peninsula Beaches: Some of Africa’s best beaches lie just outside the capital. River Number Two Beach is iconic for its turquoise waters and soft sands, while Bureh Beach is perfect for surfing, yoga, and rustic beachside stays.
• Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary: Set in a lush forest outside Freetown, this sanctuary plays a vital role in conservation and education. Take a guided tour, or even stay overnight in eco-lodges surrounded by wildlife calls.
• Bunce Island: A hauntingly beautiful historic site in the Sierra Leone River estuary, Bunce Island was once a major slave-trading post. Visiting it offers a powerful reflection on the transatlantic slave trade and African diaspora history.
• Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in the southeast, Tiwai Island is a biodiversity hotspot. It’s home to 11 species of primates—including rare Diana monkeys—and over 130 bird species. Stay in riverside tents for a true wilderness experience.
• Freetown City Life: Don’t miss the chance to explore vibrant Freetown. Visit the National Museum, sample cassava leaf stew, or catch a live Palm Wine Music performance—West African roots and rhythms at their finest.

Sierra Leone is redefining itself—and doing so on its own terms. For those willing to look beyond the headlines and into the heart of the country, it stands proudly among the underrated travel destinations in Africa that are as enlightening as they are beautiful.

6. Comoros: The Perfumed Isles

Why Visit Comoros?

Between Madagascar and Mozambique lies a little-known island chain that feels like a secret whispered across the Indian Ocean. The Comoros archipelago, often called “The Perfumed Isles” due to its abundance of ylang-ylang and cloves, is one of the most culturally rich yet least-visited countries in Africa. Despite its idyllic landscapes and unique heritage, it remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, untouched by mass tourism.

Here, time seems to slow down. The air is scented with tropical blossoms, the streets echo with Swahili, Arabic, and French, and the sea is as turquoise as any postcard-perfect island. It’s a destination that rewards curiosity and offers an authentic island escape unlike anywhere else on the continent.

What to See and Do

• Mount Karthala: Looming over Grand Comore, this active volcano is among the largest in the world by volume. Adventurous hikers can summit the crater for views over lava fields, rainforest, and the island’s coast.
• Mohéli Marine Park: Comoros’ crown jewel for biodiversity, this marine reserve is teeming with turtles, whales, dolphins, and pristine coral reefs. It’s one of the best diving and snorkeling spots in Africa, yet virtually undiscovered.
• Medina of Moroni: The capital’s old quarter is a maze of winding alleys, carved wooden doors, and centuries-old mosques. The atmosphere evokes Zanzibar, but without the tourist crush—just authentic charm.
• Spice Tours and Ylang-Ylang Distilleries: Comoros exports some of the finest aromatic oils in the world. Visiting local farms and distilleries reveals how the island’s “liquid gold” is produced.
• Local Culture: The Comorian way of life is slow, spiritual, and deeply communal. Attend a traditional wedding ceremony, learn to cook pilon (a local mash made with plantains and fish), or join an evening drum circle on the beach.

The Comoros invites you to disconnect from modern noise and reconnect with nature, tradition, and simplicity. As one of the most serene underrated travel destinations in Africa, it’s the kind of place that stays with you long after the journey ends.

7. Namibia: Desert Landscapes and Wildlife

Why Visit Namibia?

Namibia is a land of vast silence and staggering beauty—a country where the landscapes are as humbling as they are haunting. With red dunes that ripple like waves, ghost towns swallowed by sand, and wildlife thriving against impossible odds, Namibia feels like the edge of the world. And yet, despite its cinematic appeal and commitment to conservation, it remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa.

This is not just a destination—it’s a visual journey. Namibia’s road trips are legendary, and its sense of space offers something rare in travel: solitude. Whether you’re tracking desert-adapted elephants or walking barefoot across a salt pan at dawn, Namibia awakens something primal in the soul.

What to See and Do

• Sossusvlei and Deadvlei: Set within the Namib-Naukluft National Park, these iconic red dunes and cracked white clay pans are among the most photographed sites in Africa. Sunrise or sunset here is a spiritual experience.
• Etosha National Park: Unlike any other safari destination, Etosha’s vast salt pan draws animals to waterholes year-round. Expect to see elephants, lions, giraffes, rhinos, and hundreds of bird species—often without the safari crowds.
• Skeleton Coast: Stretching along the Atlantic, this fog-shrouded coastline is lined with shipwrecks, seal colonies, and eerie beauty. It’s wild, remote, and utterly unique.
• Swakopmund and Adventure Sports: A coastal city where German colonial charm meets adrenaline-fueled fun. Try sandboarding, quad biking, or even skydiving over the desert.
• Damaraland and Himba Villages: Discover ancient rock engravings at Twyfelfontein and visit Himba communities to learn about their nomadic lifestyle, distinct customs, and ochre-painted beauty.

Namibia delivers an immersive, often cinematic experience with very few tourists in sight. It is one of those underrated travel destinations in Africa that doesn’t just show you Africa—it shows you how small, and in awe, you can feel in the face of something greater.

8. Rwanda: Land of a Thousand Hills Reborn

Why Visit Rwanda?

Rwanda is a country that has risen from tragedy with resilience, grace, and vision. Known as the “Land of a Thousand Hills,” its terraced landscapes roll endlessly into misty horizons. But beyond its beauty, Rwanda has become one of Africa’s most inspiring travel stories—a place of safety, innovation, and remarkable transformation. Yet, despite its accessibility and ecological treasures, it still ranks among the most underrated travel destinations in Africa.

Today, Rwanda is one of the cleanest, greenest, and most progressive nations on the continent. Its capital, Kigali, is a model of modern African urbanism, and its rural regions are rich in culture and natural wonder. Rwanda isn’t just a destination—it’s a statement of how far a country can go when it embraces sustainability, unity, and tourism with purpose.

What to See and Do

• Volcanoes National Park: Home to the majestic mountain gorillas made famous by Dian Fossey, this park offers one of the most intimate and life-changing wildlife encounters on Earth. Gorilla trekking permits fund conservation and community development.
• Nyungwe Forest National Park: One of Africa’s oldest rainforests, this lush reserve is perfect for spotting chimpanzees, rare birds, and orchids. Don’t miss the Canopy Walk—suspended above the treetops for breathtaking forest views.
• Lake Kivu: This expansive lake straddles the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its tranquil shores are ideal for kayaking, cycling tours between towns, and sipping locally grown coffee in scenic lodges.
• Kigali Genocide Memorial: A moving tribute to the lives lost in 1994, this museum is essential to understanding Rwanda’s past and its incredible journey forward. It’s not just about remembrance—it’s about hope and healing.
• Imigongo Art and Local Culture: Discover Rwanda’s traditional geometric artwork made from cow dung and natural pigments. Local cooperatives keep these traditions alive while empowering women and rural artisans.

Rwanda is proof that recovery can lead to reinvention. It’s one of those underrated travel destinations in Africa that doesn’t shout—it whispers. And those who listen are changed forever.

9. Mozambique: Untouched Coastline

Why Visit Mozambique?

If there’s one place in Africa where turquoise waters meet soulful culture in complete tranquility, it’s Mozambique. With over 2,500 kilometers of largely untouched Indian Ocean coastline, Mozambique remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, especially for those seeking a beach escape far from commercial tourism. It’s raw, radiant, and full of rhythm.

Mozambique is for travelers who don’t mind a few bumps in the road in exchange for reward. This is not a packaged holiday—it’s a choose-your-own-adventure. Here, fishermen paddle wooden dhows past mangrove-fringed islands, coral reefs teem with life, and Portuguese-influenced towns beat to the pulse of Afro-Latin music. The beauty is wild, and the experiences are real.

What to See and Do

• Bazaruto Archipelago: A cluster of postcard-perfect islands off the coast of Vilankulo, this marine reserve is a sanctuary for dugongs, sea turtles, and vibrant coral reefs. Snorkeling, diving, and dhow sailing here are unforgettable.
• Tofo Beach: A surf-friendly haven with laid-back beach bars, affordable lodging, and the chance to swim with whale sharks and manta rays. It’s a favorite among backpackers and marine biologists alike.
• Ibo Island (Quirimbas Archipelago): Step back in time as you wander through crumbling colonial buildings, centuries-old forts, and narrow stone streets. Ibo offers both haunting beauty and heartfelt hospitality.
• Maputo: Mozambique’s vibrant capital blends Afro, Portuguese, and Arab influences into a colorful cultural tapestry. From the ornate Maputo Railway Station to the fresh seafood at Costa do Sol, it’s a city alive with character.
• Gorongosa National Park: Once ravaged by civil war, Gorongosa is now a beacon of ecological restoration. Today, it’s one of Africa’s most inspiring national parks—teeming with elephants, lions, and a growing array of species thanks to ongoing conservation.

Mozambique invites you to slow down and savor. It’s not a checklist destination—it’s a place to feel the sand underfoot, the breeze off the dhow sails, and the quiet thrill of discovering a coastal wonder that remains hidden in plain sight among underrated travel destinations in Africa.

10. Ethiopia: Ancient History and Stunning Scenery

Why Visit Ethiopia?

Ethiopia is a land like no other—not only in Africa but in the world. It’s the cradle of civilization, the only African country never colonized, and home to one of the oldest Christian traditions on Earth. Its historical depth is unmatched, yet it remains one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa, often overlooked in favor of more conventional tourist routes.

But Ethiopia isn’t just about history—it’s a land of towering mountains, active volcanoes, sweeping highlands, and a proud, vibrant culture. It’s a country where time folds in on itself, where ancient monasteries perch on cliff edges and bustling cities pulse with energy. It’s immersive, dramatic, and unforgettable.

What to See and Do

• Lalibela Rock-Hewn Churches: One of the most astonishing religious sites in the world, these 12th-century churches were carved entirely from living rock. Pilgrims still walk barefoot here, chanting through stone corridors worn smooth by centuries of devotion.
• Simien Mountains National Park: These jagged highlands, often called the “Roof of Africa,” are home to gelada baboons, Walia ibex, and some of the most spectacular trekking routes on the continent. The views are as humbling as the altitude.
• Axum: Believed to be the home of the Queen of Sheba and the resting place of the biblical Ark of the Covenant, Axum is central to Ethiopia’s mythic and historical narrative.
• Danakil Depression: One of the hottest and lowest places on Earth, this alien landscape of sulfur springs, salt pans, and lava lakes is unlike anything else on the planet. Visiting feels like stepping onto another world.
• Coffee Culture: Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee, and its elaborate coffee ceremonies are a ritual of hospitality. Sharing a traditional brew in a local home is more than a drink—it’s a cultural experience.

Ethiopia is not a place you simply see. It’s a place you feel—in the chants of ancient churches, the echo of hooves on rock trails, and the warmth of its endlessly proud people. It belongs at the top of any list of underrated travel destinations in Africa, not because it lacks greatness, but because the world has yet to give it its full due.

11. Madagascar: Unique Biodiversity

Why Visit Madagascar?

Madagascar is more than just an island—it’s a living museum. Separated from mainland Africa for over 80 million years, it has evolved into one of the most biologically diverse places on Earth. Over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else. Yet despite this ecological treasure trove, Madagascar continues to fly under the radar as one of the most underrated travel destinations in Africa.

But Madagascar offers more than just lemurs and baobabs. It’s a country of dazzling contrasts—rainforests and deserts, coral reefs and high plateaus, bustling highland cities and quiet fishing villages. This is a destination for those who value discovery over convenience, biodiversity over beachfront cocktails, and story-rich landscapes over curated resorts.

What to See and Do

• Avenue of the Baobabs: Perhaps Madagascar’s most iconic sight, this corridor of ancient, towering baobab trees glows gold at sunset. It’s surreal, sacred, and utterly photogenic.
• Andasibe-Mantadia National Park: One of the best places to encounter Madagascar’s endemic wildlife, including the indri—the largest living lemur whose eerie call echoes through the rainforest.
• Tsingy de Bemaraha: A labyrinth of razor-sharp limestone pinnacles, this UNESCO World Heritage site is like nature’s fortress. Walk across suspension bridges and gaze into deep crevices that harbor untouched flora and fauna.
• Nosy Be Archipelago: For those who crave tropical bliss, Nosy Be delivers. With clear waters, thriving coral reefs, and a relaxed Creole vibe, it’s ideal for diving, sailing, or simply unwinding.
• Cultural Traditions: Malagasy culture is a fascinating blend of Austronesian, African, and French influences. From the famadihana (the turning of the bones) ceremony to vibrant markets full of spices and handwoven textiles, the island’s traditions are deeply rooted and lovingly preserved.

Madagascar is not for the hurried traveler. It’s a place that asks you to slow down, look closely, and listen deeply. As one of the most remarkable yet underrated travel destinations in Africa, it rewards those who arrive with open eyes and an open heart.

Conclusion

Africa is a continent of awe-inspiring diversity, yet so much of its wonder lies beyond the travel mainstream. These underrated travel destinations in Africa reveal a side of the continent that’s raw, real, and remarkably rich. From the volcanic peaks of São Tomé and the pristine beaches of Sierra Leone to the alien landscapes of Djibouti and the ancient highlands of Ethiopia, these places are more than just alternatives—they are essential experiences in their own right.

What makes these destinations truly unforgettable isn’t just their beauty—it’s their authenticity. You won’t find crowds or clichés here. You’ll find silence under star-filled skies, the taste of fresh mango on a remote beach, the warmth of strangers who treat you like family, and moments that stay with you long after your passport is stamped.

Traveling to lesser-known places isn’t just a journey—it’s a choice. A choice to engage more deeply, to travel more responsibly, and to discover what most others miss. So if you’re ready to venture into the unknown and be changed by what you find, these underrated travel destinations in Africa are waiting.

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FAQ

What makes a destination “underrated” in Africa?

An underrated destination is one that offers rich travel experiences but remains largely undiscovered by the international tourism mainstream. These places often have immense cultural, ecological, or historical value yet receive far fewer visitors than they deserve.

Are these destinations safe for travelers?

Yes, many of these destinations are considered safe, especially when visiting with trusted local guides and following travel advisories. As always, travelers should check current safety updates from their home country’s foreign office and respect local customs.

When is the best time to visit these destinations?

Travel seasons vary across the continent. For example:

• Dry season (June–October) is ideal for Namibia, Malawi, and Rwanda.
• Whale shark season in Djibouti runs November–February.
• Madagascar’s dry season (May–October) is best for wildlife and road travel.

Do I need a visa to visit these countries?

Visa requirements differ depending on your nationality. Some countries offer visas on arrival or e-visas, while others require pre-approval. Check with the embassy or official government travel site of the country you’re visiting.

How can I travel responsibly in lesser-known destinations?

• Support local businesses and guides.
• Stay in eco-conscious accommodations.
• Respect local traditions and environments.
• Avoid exploiting wildlife or local communities for entertainment or photos. Traveling ethically ensures your journey benefits the people and places you visit.

For travelers seeking lesser-known destinations, National Geographic’s inside guide to Rabat, Morocco’s underrated capital offers insights into the city’s architectural treasures, museums, and spacious medina.